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Exploring The Philippines Special Economic Zones
As part of the broad assessment of production bases in Southeast Asia, HKTDC Research has undertaken a recent field trip to the Philippines to assess the country’s conditions and suitability for Hong Kong companies’ manufacturing relocation or diversification
Exploring the Philippines for Factory Relocation
While the previous article, The Philippines: The Prospect for Manufacturing Relocation touches on the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) this article examines the SEZs specifically, along with location choices facing Hong Kong companies contemplating factory relocation.
SEZs in the Philippines
The Philippines started developing SEZs in the mid-1990s in order to promote investment, including foreign direct investment (FDI). Over the past 22 years Philippine SEZs have become a magnet for FDI, especially in attracting manufacturing investment. The Netherlands, Japan, Singapore, the US, and, more recently, South Korea, have been the top sources of investment in the Philippine SEZs.
In the Philippines, manufacturing facilities are concentrated in central and southern Luzon, by far the most developed parts of the country, where there is an abundance of SEZs, including those converted from former the Clark Air Base and Subic Bay Naval Base.
With President Duterte adopting a diplomatic shift towards China, closer economic co-operation between the two countries is expected. The positive repercussions bode well for increased trade and investment from China in coming years, particularly in light of the latter’s Belt and Road Initiative. This may tie in well with the Philippines’ ongoing plans to accelerate infrastructure development, that is, President Duterte’s ‘Build, Build, Build’ programme, with an expected rise in Chinese investment in Philippine infrastructure projects.
PEZA – the SEZ Management Body
The Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) is the government agency mandated to develop, manage and promote SEZs to attract investment, both local and overseas. As of April 2017, there were 366 economic zones across the Philippines, of which 74 were manufacturing zones. It is estimated that PEZA approves more than half of the Philippines’ inward FDI every year. In perspective, more than 40% of the FDI in 2016 went to the manufacturing sector.
As a government agency, PEZA identifies and tenders sites for SEZ development across the country. Investors can rent slots in economic zones on long-term leasehold for 50 years, which can be renewed after expiry. PEZA is now looking to allow 99-year land leases for SEZs to be on par with other ASEAN counterparts, such as Vietnam.
Alternatively, manufacturers or private land developers can identify and develop suitable locations. Thereafter, they can apply for PEZA status in these privately developed sites. In turn, eligible SEZ tenants need to register with PEZA to gain access to the incentives and special customs status.
Full foreign ownership is granted to export-oriented operations in the SEZs, with the requirement that at least 70% of the output has to be exported. Businesses serving the domestic market are limited to 40% foreign ownership, except for businesses qualified for pioneer status and with a minimum equity of US$200,000[1]. Financial incentives are offered in the SEZs to attract investment as outlined below.
Investment Incentives Offered in SEZs
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Other non-fiscal incentives available in economic zones include simplified import and export procedures and assistance in arranging employment visas for non-resident foreign nationals working in the zones. This is largely in line with industrial or economic zones found in many other countries in Southeast Asia.
SEZs as the One-Stop-Shop for Investment
HKTDC Research was invariably in our meetings in the Philippines told that PEZA was the recommended window for foreign investors to enter the Philippines. PEZA serves as the body to align all government interfaces involved in the set-up and daily operations of businesses.
Generally speaking, foreign investors have to register and apply for permits through at least eight to 10 government departments when setting up a business in the Philippines. While the country’s extensive bureaucracy could be frustrating and resources-draining, PEZA provides guidance on the investment application process and mediates in the process if needed.
As an aside, the popularity of President Duterte owes much to the perception that he is acting tough to weed out corrupt practices and shake up bureaucracy in the Philippines.
While developing privately owned sites may enjoy the benefit of picking the preferred locations, along with higher flexibility in the desired mix of industry sectors and land use, such an approach cannot sidestep prior dealings with local government nor ignore the interest of people living in the vicinity. The red tape involved in the process can be intimidating and a local partner is essential, particularly if the investment areas contain an element of serving the domestic market with more than 40% of company output. In contrast, those developed SEZs listed under PEZA provide a ready-made option for foreign investors. Renting slots in listed SEZs is especially suitable for SMEs with limited resources.
SEZ in Focus: Clark Freeport Zone
Developed SEZs like the Clark Freeport Zone (CFZ) offer a one-stop-shop option for foreign investors. CFZ development started in 1995 as part of a reconstruction programme after the catastrophic volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
The CFZ, some 60km northwest of Metro Manila, was developed from the Clark Air Base formerly used by the US, with ready transport links, infrastructure and utilities available for development and expansion. Part of the CFZ is designated as a SEZ for manufacturing and services investment.
The CFZ has had an accumulated investment of PHP121 billion (around US$2.5 billion) since it started operations. Not surprisingly, the CFZ is now regarded as an economic zone development model in the Philippines.
The CFZ has an advantageous location for manufacturers’ supply chain management. It is within two hours drive from Metro Manila, the business and logistics hub of the Philippines. The Port of Subic (POS) is also less than two hours’ drive for shipment of raw materials and finished products. The Clark International Airport (CIA), which runs both international passengers flights and cargo flights, is within 10 minutes’ reach from the SEZ area by car.
As Metro Manila’s roads, airports and port are all notoriously congested, the CIA and POS offer manufacturers the big advantage of bypassing the Metro Manila traffic. Meanwhile, the Philippine government is promoting a ‘dual airport’ model with a plan to expand services and usage of CIA to ease traffic at Manila’s Ninoy Aquino International Airport. Shipments are also gradually shifting to POS due to the congestion in Port of Manila. Looking to the future, the Subic-Clark Cargo Railway project is a priority infrastructure plan. The flow of goods between Clark and Subic is expected to be further enhanced in the future.
Unlike any typical brownfield development for industrial use, the CFZ is a greenfield project that promotes the zone as a place to work, live and play. Comprehensive community and leisure facilities, such as sports ground, restaurants, shops, clinics, international schools and golf courses are all available within the zone. Schools in the area also work with the Clark Development Corporation and businesses to provide relevant vocational training for businesses operating in the zone.Expatriates working in the CFZ are offered a pleasant living environment.
However, this development model places restrictions on the industries allowed in the zone. The zone is designated for low-pollution light manufacturing, such as electronics.
Labour-intensive operations are especially welcome as the government is keen to drive local employment through manufacturing. Nonetheless, investors should bear in mind that Philippine wages are towards the upper end of ASEAN pay, as described in The Philippines: The Prospect for Manufacturing Relocation.
Due to its advantageous geographical location and good infrastructure, the CFZ is much sought after by local as well as international businesses, with high occupancy reported. To meet continual demand, the Clark Green City project had been launched, developing a new zone of over 9,000 hectares north of the existing SEZ. It is planned as an urban satellite town, with local employment driven by services and manufacturing in the Clark Green City.
Summary
The Philippines is gearing up to compete with other ASEAN manufacturing hotspots for a share of foreign investment, banking on its proven formula of helping foreign investors identify or develop SEZs, along with filling SEZ-based factories with skilled, English-speaking workers. As Sino-Philippine relations begin to improve, it is expected that Chinese investment in both manufacturing and SEZ development will increase.
[1] The minimum equity requirement can be lowered to US$100,000 if the business involves advanced technology (subject to review by the Department of Science and Technology) or employs 50 or more staff.
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